Decision Tree on How to Control Acacia mellifera Modified version by Dave Joubert & Ibo Zimmerman Question 1: What season of the year is it?*Cold dry Season (May to July-August)Hot dry Season (August-September to December) (also the “low rainy season”)Hot Wet Season (January to April) (also the “high rainy season”)Background Obviously there is no clear division between these and, as witnessed in 2004, 2006 and 2008 the Hot Dry Season can actually be a very wet season! Recent droughts had hardly any rain in the hot, wet season. Nevertheless, because the growth and phenology of the grass and bush is linked to these seasons, it is useful to distinguish between them.Question 2: Are Saplings abundant?YesNo Background Saplings (small plants but not seedlings) of Acacia mellifera become resistant to fire quite quickly and alternative measures might be necessary to control them. [read more="Read more" less="Read less"] Saplings might be even ten years old but remain small, partly due to competition from adult trees. In the picture, a sapling is shown, one year after fire. As can be seen, fire is not very effective against saplings. Fire has come too late in the life cycle. These saplings will progress slowly to form a thicket, unless a severe drought, heavy browsing or some other management measure is implemented. [/read]Decision 1Proceed to Question 3Question 3: Has there been Effective Rainfall?LowHigh Background Research has shown that mature A. mellifera (S. mellifera) in the highland savanna only produce significant amounts of seeds after a season of exceptionally good rainfall (Joubert, Rothauge and Smit, 2008; Joubert, Smit and Hoffman, 2013). [read more="Read more" less="Read less"] Similar results were found in the Molopo region in South Africa (Donaldson 1967). In these exceptional rain years, even shrubs of just over 1m height can produce a few seeds (Joubert, Smit and Hoffmann, 2013). Research on the Farm Krumhuk showed that seed production was zero in 1998 and 1999, and only in the year 2000, when exceptional rain fell, was there significant seed production (Joubert, Smit and Hoffman, 2013). People tend to believe that A. mellifera trees produce seeds every year, but this is based on observations of trees growing in situations where they obtain more water than normal (e.g. in or near gardens, on roadsides or near river beds. We call these trees "privileged" trees.) [/read]Question 4: Has there been Viable seed production? (or Is there likely to be based on the current flowering)(Time: August to December, but this question is also asked in the rainy season)YesNo Background If a lot of viable seeds of A. mellifera (S. mellifera) are produced, they will germinate in January - March next year. Research shows that seeds do not carry over from one seasons to the next (they either get eaten, germinate and survive as seedlings, germinate and die through lack of rain, or browsed by hares and other small mammals. [read more="Read more" less="Read Less"] So, if there are no seeds produced in a certain area in a year, it is very unlikely that seeds will be available for germination in the following year. If you come to this question at the early part of this season, be sure to check whether there are mature seeds in November-December. What about seeds coming in from other areas? Research shows that A. mellifera seeds do not survive passing through the gut of livestock and game. This means that most seeds germinate close to Parent Trees (although whirl winds) can sometimes carry seeds for considerable distances, and water can carry seeds some distance downslope). [/read]Question 5: Are there mature shrub Skeletons less than one year old?YesNo Background The diebacks of the aboveground parts of mature shrubs occasionally occur, through severe drought, severe frost, fungal dieback, or combinations of the above. The resprout at the base grows slowly and typically after one year is less than 30 cm high. [read more="Read more" less="Read Less"] At this stage the skeletons of the shrubs are totally dry and therefore very flammable. A veld fire is likely to ignite the skeletons. This means the flames will scorch the resprouts for a much longer time than usual. It is likely that the resprout will be killed in this way. [/read]Decision 2Decision 2: No worries for bush establishment, but consider de-stocking and monitoring Proceed to "Treating the symtoms" Question 9Question 6: Did bush seedlings (if there were some to begin with) survive the hot wet and cold dry seasons? Time: End of winter beginning of hot dry season (August to December)YesNo Background If the seedlings died out then they are no longer a threat. If there is germination, survival will only occur if there is well spaced good effective rainfall. [read more="Read More" less="Read Less"] The two pictures show, on the left, a dead seedling, and on the right, a very healthy seedling, happily growing in an Anthephora pubescens grass tuft. This shows that direct competition is not necessarily a major factor, and that the grass may in fact facilitate growth. [/read]Question 7: Is the perennial grass density very low, such as below one tuft per square meter?HighLow Background High perennial grass density will provide competition with seedlings or fuel for a fire to kill them. Low perennial grass density is likely to allow seedlings to become established unless there is sufficient dry annual grass to allow a fire. Question 8: Is there sufficient Biomass to produce a fire intense enough to kill seedlings?High biomassLow biomass Background Even a tonne of dry matter per hectare may be able to kill all seedlings, during the hot, dry windy October, as fuel is also dry.Decision 3This fire will kill all seedlings. In addition, if there are mature skeletons (after drought or frost) with a little bit of regrowth, this fire will ignite the skeletons which will allow a longer burn, thus damaging and probably killing the regrowth. Animal trampling will prevent soil capping. If perennial grass density is low, ensure that seeds have been shed before burning.Decison 3: Burn at end of dry season and allow animals to graze and trample for first half of growing season, then rest.Proceed to "Treating the symptoms" Question 9Decision 3bThis fire will kill all seedlings. In addition, if there are mature skeletons (after drought or frost) with a little bit of regrowth, this fire will ignite the skeletons which will allow a longer burn, thus damaging and probably killing the regrowth. Animal trampling will prevent soil capping. If perennial grass density is low, ensure that seeds have been shed before burning.Decison 3: Burn at end of dry season and allow animals to graze and trample for first half of growing season, then rest.Proceed to "Treating the symptoms" Question 9Decision 4Because of the poor perennial grass cover, the seedlings should be visible. Because fire is not an option and because the grass offers no competition to the seedlings, the seedlings are likely to establish successfully. There is little option other than to treat the symptom of the excessive bush seedlings to get rid of most of them. Although pulling them out with pliers requires a lot of work, it is less than would be required to remove older bushes if the seedlings are left to establish themselves. Ongoing good grazing management should then be applied to encourage perennial grass cover and prevent bush seedlings establishing in future. Guidelines for recovery periods, if rain continues, are about 110 days on loamy soil and 120 days on sandy soil.Decision 4: Pull out most surviving seedlings with pliers, or use a hoe to chop them out, and rest the veld for the remainder of the growing season, in order that a hot fire can be implemented in the following year. Unfortunately you will also not be able to burn regrowth by burning the mature skeletons as there is insufficient fuel.Proceed to "Treating the Symptoms" Question 9Decision 5Hopefully, an entire year of rest will allow the grass to recover sufficiently to suppress growth and be sufficient for a fire next dry season which will kill the rest of the seedlings, and the resprout from mature shrub skeletons top killed from frost or drought. If unable to rest for the whole growing season, then low stocking rate should be applied. This will hopefully allow the grass to produce sufficient biomass (depending upon the rainfall of the next season) which will allow a fire to kill the surviving seedlings and the resprout from mature shrub skeletons topkilled from frost or drought, in the following dry season and possibly suppress the growth of the bush seedlings.Decision 5: Rest the veld for the whole year and pull out seedlings. You have reached a final decision regarding adaptive management.Proceed to submit view your results, you have reached a final decision regarding adaptive management.Question 9: Is the bush cover in the area generally high or low?Low High Background There is no specific threshold here. An area is termed to be bush encroached if the numerical density of 1.5 m high bush equivalence (BE) exceeds twice the average annual rainfall in mm. [read more="Read more" less="Read Less"] If you are monitoring for bush encroachment, you can perhaps set a threshold of 30% cover, for answering “yes”. We find it difficult to set thresholds here and thus leave it to your discretion. In the left hand picture, the bush cover is clearly very high, but in the right hand picture, the bush cover is not that high, and there are large trees in the area. Some would consider it too high and thus continue to Question 10, whereas others would be happy and move on to Question 14. The tree in the foreground is probably at least 200 years old. [/read]Question 10: Is there a high incidence of fungal and/or other dieback of Acacia mellifera (Senegallia mellifera)?LowHigh Background If the trees are dying back by themselves, it may not be necessary to apply treatment to the other trees, even if the density of trees and shrubs is high enough to warrant concern. [read more="Read more" less="Read Less"] It is likely that all trees are infected and that more of them will die back with time, substantially opening up the veld. The dead trees will allow substantial mulching of the ground that should enhance the growth of grass and the germination of grass seedlings. Your management can continue pretty much as if bush cover was low (question 9). Are you sure that the dieback is as high as you first thought? Why not determine the % of trees dying back or dead through a survey? Also, if there is little perennial grass in the adjacent area, you could consider adding seeds to the mulch. [/read]Question 11: Do you intend to thin the bush ?YesNoBackground There are numerous reasons you may not want to thin the bush at this stage. Select no to see Decision 6.Question 12: Do you intend to utilize the bush after removal for charcoal, fodder, wood chips etc.?YesNoQuestion 13: Can part of the bush be harvested for fodder (are the leaves green/present still)? Only in the hot, wet season.YesNo Background If this question is asked in the dry season, consider leaving this area for the wet season (the following year) and then ask the question again.Question 14: Are the dominant bushes less than 1 m tall?YesNo Background The quality of fodder that can be harvested from short bushes is better than harvestable fodder from bigger bushes that have excessive lignin. This is because there is a higher proportion of leaf: wood biomass in smaller bushes (on the left).Question 15: Intend to use arboricides? Please read the following page on the pros and cons of using arboricides before answering.YesNo Background The use of arboricides is strongly questioned today, but it is quick to apply and relatively inexpensive, if the bush is not to be utilised for value chains. See the next page.Question 16: Are you interested in small scale bush thinning up to 60-100 hectares per annum?YesNoBackground There may be many reasons for you to decide one way or the other. To assist in this, refer to the Harvesting Guidelines on Forestry and Environmental authorisation process for Bush Harvesting Projects (2017) for valuable details on bush thinning. Bear in mind that you might have reached this decision without wanting to utilise the bush. Bush thinning without value addition is more expensive than the likely gains made through improvements in production. Question 17: Is the terrain difficult (steep, rocky)?YesNoQuestion 18: Are you interested in a bush thinning scale of 100-150 hectares per annum?YesNoQuestion 19: Are you interested in bush thinning on a scale of 150-700 hectares per annum?YesNoDecision 6This decision might have been reached because the bush density is too low, or because the dieback is already high. But you also might have reached the decision if there was, in your opinion, a very high density and cover of bushes. This then might seem like a contradictory decision for bush encroachment management. However, we have included it explicitly, since the decision to leave the bushes might be difficult for an individual farmer, given that there is currently a sense of urgency in the country, and an individual farmer might feel obliged to comply with this. Studies have shown that mature thickets consisting of mature trees are thinning out through natural mortality. If a farmer is able to make a living without harvesting the bushes, and is reluctant to explore avenues of value chain, he should rather focus on ongoing good management as well as adaptive management. In addition, the farmer may be clearing in another camp or area, and thus might want to defer the decision to remove and harvest for another year or more. The farmer may also want to monitor the effects of harvesting before making a decision in this camp. Dense bush thickets can act as fire breaks between areas that are to be burnt. This saves the farmer time and money.Leave the bushesDecision 8Application of herbicide, such as Access, to surfaces of cut stems (left), prevents the bushes regrowing into a thick mass of coppicing branches, but is relatively expensive and time consuming. However, if the arboricides is effective, no aftercare will be necessary on resprouts. On the other hand, it may be more economical to wait for a year and then only apply herbicide to those bushes that have regrown, as some bushes may die after being chopped, so some herbicide could be saved. Chopped bushes can be used for charcoal since they are not poisoned. Application of soil based arboricides to the soil around trees (centre and right) is a much more rapid method. The side effects of this on the ecosystem are not well known though, and caution should be applied. See “THE PROS AND 49 CONS OF USING ARBORICIDES VS MANUAL LABOUR”. Bushes killed through this method should not be utilised.Proceed to Decision 14Decision 7The increase in production is less than the costs of bush thinning if value addition chains are not utilized. However, leaving the bushes in situ, although not providing any direct economic benefits, will enhance the soil, and act as a nursery for any seeds of perennial grasses that blow there. If runoff occurs during intense rain, then it is strongly recommended to apply the bush control treatment along contour strips, to regenerate water and nutrient cycling. Only in situations where no runoff occurs, should the treated strips rather be aligned at right angles to the prevailing wind.. In 48 addition, the overseeding with climax perennial grasses, in these bushes, will enhance long term improvements in productivity and species composition. Aftercare will be necessary as most stumps will resprout.Chop the bushes or use light duty mechanized equipment such as horizontal saw cutters preferably in strips, and leave them in situ (consider reseeding), or Proceed to Decision 14.Proceed to Decision 14Decision 10Proceed to Decision 14Decision 9Proceed to Decision 14Decision 11Proceed to Decision 14Decision 12Proceed to Decision 14Decision 13Proceed to Decision 14Decision 14Proceed to submit view your results Submit your DecisionsThis field should be left blank